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Why China is carrying out construction at Lingyang Jiao: Experts cite sovereignty, livelihoods and public services_我的网站

怀玉公主

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Aerial view of Lingyang Jiao Photo: XinhuaSome foreign media have recently renewed hypes over China's construction at Lingyang Jiao in the Xisha Qundao (Xisha Islands), claiming that the completed first phase could become part of China's "largest military base" in the region.
China has firmly rejected such hypes. "Xisha Qundao is China's inherent territory, over which there is no dispute. Necessary construction on our own territory is aimed at improving living and working conditions on the islands and growing the local economy," said Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian at a regular press conference on March 23.
Despite that clear explanation, some foreign media outlets continued to point their finger at the Chinese reef. Why is China carrying out construction at Lingyang Jiao, and why do external parties have no grounds to reproach? Chinese experts recently spoke with the Global Times about the history, purpose and legal basis of the construction on the reef.
Indisputable sovereignty
Lingyang Jiao, whose name comes from its resemblance to an antelope horn, lies on the western side of Yongle Atoll in the Xisha Qundao, about 89 kilometers from Yongxing Island and 6.5 kilometers from Jinyin Island. The reef stretches six kilometers from north to south, measures about 3.5 kilometers at its widest point and covers roughly 15 square kilometers.
The reef, also traditionally known among Chinese fishermen as Kuangzai or Quanzai, is administered by the city of Sansha in South China's Hainan Province.
"Lingyang Jiao is an inherent part of China's territory. Fishermen from Hainan sailed there to fish as early as the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties," Xu Xiaodong, a vice chairman of the Huayang Center for Maritime Cooperation and Ocean Governance, told the Global Times on March 23.
In 1935, the then-Chinese government included the reef in its bilingual list of South China Sea island names. Its name was reviewed again in a corresponding list issued by the then ministry of the interior in 1947 and has remained in use ever since, Xu said.
During the 1974 Xisha self-defense counterattack, the South Vietnamese warship Nhat Tao was sunk in waters near Lingyang Jiao. Xu said these facts demonstrate the Chinese government's determination and actions to safeguard its sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao, including Lingyang Jiao.
Lei Xiaolu, a professor at Wuhan University China Institute of Boundary and Ocean Studies, said that China was the first country to discover, develop and administer the Xisha Qundao. Successive Chinese governments have continuously exercised jurisdiction over the islands, including Lingyang Jiao, forming a clear historical record.
France recognized China's sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lei said. When France attempted to occupy the Xisha Qundao in 1931 and nine islands and reefs in the Nansha Qundao in 1933, the Chinese government immediately protested and reaffirmed its sovereignty.
Numerous official documents from that period clearly placed the Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Qundao within Chinese territory, such as a 1935 map of the South China Sea islands, a brief chorography of the South China Sea islands in 1947, a comparison table of their old and new names, and a location map bearing the South China Sea dash line. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government continued to exercise sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao.
"Lingyang Jiao is part of China's Xisha Qundao. The Chinese government has repeatedly made clear that China has indisputable sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao," Lei said.
Construction to improve living
Previously published aerial images have shown Lingyang Jiao's distinctive ring-shaped lagoon, but its natural beauty long contrasted with the rudimentary living conditions faced by local fishermen.
According to the official website of the Sansha city government, the reef was once almost entirely barren, with little vegetation. Fishermen lived two or three to a coral-stone hut measuring only three or four square meters.
For a long period, a single diesel generator was used to supply electricity on the reef, providing power only between 7 pm and 11 pm. Fresh water had to be carried from vessels arriving from Hainan Island, while typhoons posed a constant threat to residents and their homes.
Construction of a fishermen's settlement was put on the agenda in 2012. However, the complex topography and hydrological conditions around the reef prevented large vessels from approaching, forcing workers to carry construction materials ashore by hand.
After years of development, Lingyang Jiao now has basic infrastructure including a desalination facility and a power station. Its navigation channel has been dredged and opened, and a fishermen's settlement has been completed.
Xu said the current construction serves at least two purposes: The first is to provide more and better public services.
Lingyang Jiao lies on the outer edge of the Yongle Islands, surrounded by some of the most difficult navigational waters in the Xisha Qundao. In 2015, the Chinese government built and activated a lighthouse there to provide navigation services for passing vessels.
"Further construction can provide stronger infrastructure support for maritime search and rescue, disaster prevention and mitigation, and help ensure navigational safety in the South China Sea," Xu said.
The construction will also further improve local residents' living conditions. Transport difficulties have long left the reef short of essential supplies, while typhoons have repeatedly caused serious damage to housing. The construction can better meet fishermen's needs for water, electricity, secure housing and employment, Xu noted.
"Fishermen working in the South China Sea have long faced extremely harsh conditions. Far from shore, they spent weeks exposed to intense sunlight, strong winds, heavy rain and sudden typhoons, often without a safe place to rest or repair their boats," Ding Duo, director of the Research Center for International and Regional Issues at the National Institute for South China Sea Studies, told the Global Times on Wednesday.
Ding said the construction is intended to improve the living standards of Chinese fishermen and represents a direct result of China's people-centered development philosophy.
"China now has the capacity and resources to develop infrastructure at Lingyang Jiao. Doing so is both feasible and responsible, and responds to the long-standing needs of fishermen who have depended on these waters for their livelihoods for centuries," Ding said.
Besides, ecological protection has remained a prerequisite for production and construction on the reef. In 2019, a research team led by Professor Xie Qiang from Sun Yat-sen University School of Life Sciences discovered a new marine insect species at Lingyang Jiao and named it after the reef.
It was China's first discovery of a strictly marine insect group at the family level within its territory and territorial waters, filling a gap in the country's scientific records.
"China's land reclamation and construction activities are conducted in strict accordance with laws, regulations and ecological standards," Xu said. "Through technological innovation and systematic governance, China has balanced ecological protection with resource utilization. The results of environmental protection at Lingyang Jiao and in its surrounding waters are clearly visible," Xu said.
No room for external interference
China's construction at Lingyang Jiao has drawn persistent attention from some foreign media. Since January, outlets including Newsweek have used satellite images to hype the project.
The US-based Center for Strategic and International Studies recently claimed that the reclaimed area at Lingyang Jiao had surpassed that of Yongxing Island and was approaching the size of Meiji Jiao, China's largest island reef in the South China Sea.
A Reuters report published on Wednesday went further, claiming that Lingyang Jiao could be one of the Chinese military's most important features in the South China Sea. It speculated that the reef could host surveillance facilities or support nuclear-powered submarines to strengthen "China's military presence around key waterways."
Ding rejected this accusation, saying that as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China conducts construction on islands and reefs in the South China Sea strictly within the framework of international law.
"The construction at Lingyang Jiao is peaceful in nature and serves the public. It is intended to better safeguard national territory while providing practical assistance to people and vessels operating in the South China Sea," Ding said.
Ding said improved infrastructure at Lingyang Jiao would bring broader benefits to the region by strengthening China's capacity to provide public services. These include more accurate weather forecasting, faster and more efficient emergency rescue, broader marine scientific research and stronger safety support for the South China Sea's busy international shipping routes.
"China's construction can provide more international public goods and help reduce risks for merchant ships, fishing vessels and other maritime activities," Ding said. "It is not militarization, but an effort aimed at safeguarding peace and stability. The tendency to view everything China does as military in purpose reflects the dark geopolitical mentality of the West."
Xu said China's land reclamation and construction activities also have a solid basis in international law. China ratified the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996 and, under the convention, has the right to conduct construction on islands and reefs within its own territorial waters without seeking the consent or approval of any other country.
"The Xisha Qundao have been Chinese territory since ancient times. Lingyang Jiao has long been a place where Chinese fishermen live and work, and it also carries the history of the Maritime Silk Road," Xu said.
Both history and present-day reality demonstrate China's indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea islands, including the Xisha Qundao, Xu noted. The waters surrounding the Xisha Qundao are under China's effective administration, making land reclamation and construction at Lingyang Jiao normal activities within China's sovereign jurisdiction.
Objections from external parties are inconsistent with China's long-standing administration of the South China Sea islands and have no basis in international law or international rules, Xu said. No country has the right to interfere in China's construction activities at Lingyang Jiao.
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B | 当谈到人体器官时，大脑和它们一样复杂，同样，它也是一个非常难以研究的对象。近年来，我们看到科学家在实验室培养的大脑器官方面取得了令人印象深刻的进展。这些干细胞开始接触生长因子，以刺激其成熟为不同类型的脑细胞，然后将其组装成类似于大脑中的三维结构。

C | 这不会产生意识，但确实为科学家提供了一个研究癫痫、自闭症、精神分裂症等疾病的模型，并研究不同药物的效果。我们还看到了一些版本的脑器官，它们能够生长出自己的血管，发出电信号，甚至生长出能够感知光线的基本眼睛。去年，斯坦福大学医学院精神病学和行为科学教授Sergiu Pasca共同撰写了一份关于20个月大的实验室培养的大脑器官的研究。在这项工作之前，人们认为实验室培养的大脑没有能力成熟到相当于胎儿发育的阶段。这项研究证明，这些有机体可以像人脑一样成熟，遵循内部时钟，在与体内发育平行的时间轴上达到产后成熟度。虽然Pasca和该领域的其他人继续开发代表不同大脑区域的先进有机体，如大脑皮层，但在培养皿中研究这些结构有其局限性。Pasca说：“我们一直在使用有机体和它们的复杂组合在培养皿里制作越来越复杂的电路，称为组装体。

D | 但是，与你在自然发育的人类大脑中看到的情况相比，这些实验皿中的神经元在发育方面仍然落后。许多挑战--例如缺乏营养物质和生长因子、形成血管的内皮细胞或感觉输入--阻碍了实验皿中的发育。”在他们的最新工作中，Pasca和他的团队将类似于人类大脑皮层的大脑器官移植到近100只幼鼠体内。这些幼鼠两三天大，相当于人类的婴儿期，在这个阶段被植入，以便器官可以形成连接并与它们自己的大脑共同进化。不久之后，大鼠内皮细胞迁移到人体组织中，形成血管，为其提供营养和信号能力，以处理废物。

E | 大鼠大脑中的免疫细胞紧随其后，在移植的组织中自成一体。从那以后，植入的器官组织不仅存活下来，而且成长到占据了它们被植入的大鼠大脑半球的大约三分之一的位置。来自器官的单个神经元也迅速生长，在大鼠大脑中形成了与啮齿类动物天然大脑电路的连接，包括与丘脑区域的连接，该区域负责传递来自身体的感觉信息。Pasca表示：“这种连接可能为人类神经元的最佳成熟和整合提供了必要的信号。”科学家们随后将目光转向了疾病，利用来自蒂莫西综合症患者的皮肤细胞创建了一个类器官，蒂莫西综合症是一种与自闭症和癫痫有关的大脑疾病。这个类器官被移植到老鼠大脑的一侧，而由健康受试者的细胞创建的类器官被移植到另一侧作为对照。五到六个月后，这显示了电活动的明显差异，而蒂莫西综合症的神经元也小得多，并且具有较少的信号结构，称为树突。Pasca说：“通过研究保存在培养皿中的器官，我们已经了解了很多关于蒂莫西综合症的情况。但只有通过移植，我们才能看到这些与神经元活动有关的差异。”但最引人注目的发现来自于旨在衡量混合大脑处理感官信息能力的实验。将空气吹向大鼠的胡须，科学家们发现这使得人类的神经元有了电的反应。另一个实验涉及经过改造的器官，使其对蓝光作出反应，蓝光通过超薄光纤电缆施放。蓝光脉冲被用来激活这些神经元，只有在这些蓝光事件发生后，大鼠才能获得水。这发生在一个为期15天的"训练期"，教导大鼠，这些神经元的激活意味着奖励即将到来，促使它们在期待中窜向水口。

F | 大鼠学会了将蓝光刺激与水的供应联系起来，这表明植入的人体组织可以作为大鼠大脑寻求奖励电路的一部分发挥作用。奥地利分子生物技术研究所科学主任Jürgen Knoblich博士说：“研究人员表明，人类神经元在被激活时，会干扰大鼠的行为，”他没有参与这项研究。“人类细胞在功能上与大鼠的大脑相连。这就是这项工作如此出色的原因。